A TRIBUTE TO DR. BERNEL SANDERS 2011

(1). IN TRIBUTE TO BERNEL SANDERS (2011)

(2) TRIBUTE TO DR BERNEL SANDERS: DR. CYNTHIA EDWARDS

(3). TREATING ADDICTION THROUGH HYPNOTHERAPY: AN ARTICLE ON THE THERAPY OF DR. BERNEL SANDERS OF NEW ORLEANS" BY CHRISTIAN ALLMAN

(3). TREATING ADDICTION THROUGH HYPNOTHERAPY: AN ARTICLE ON THE THERAPY OF DR. BERNEL SANDERS OF NEW ORLEANS" BY CHRISTIAN ALLMAN

(1). IN TRIBUTE TO BERNEL SANDERS (2011)

Bernel Sanders was one of my best friends in New Orleans prior to Katrina. He and his family went to GA and Bobbie and went to Lafayette. Following Katrina, we occasionally called each other. When we both active in New Orleans, I would refer drug abuse clients to him and he would often would refer clients to me. He was a founding member of the New Orleans Hypnotherapy which was the forerunner of the Louisiana Hypnotherapy Organization which he was an active member and former President of prior to Katrina. Bernel is gone but not forgotten.

(2) TRIBUTE TO DR BERNEL SANDERS: DR. CYNTHIA EDWARDS

This is one of the hardest things i’ve ever been asked to do. Yet I feel it will help me grieve and mourn the passing of a close friend and mentor. In the mid 90's, I ran across an ad in the newspaper for weight loss and stress management using hypnosis. The article said 'Hypnosis Works!" I figured i had a few pounds to move and I was certainly under a lot of stress, so i called for an appointment. The voice on the other end was inviting and reassuring. He seemed to know what I needed and even arranged a Saturday morning appointment. I found the office and knocked on the door. A voice said to come on in, door's open. I came into the office to face a short older gentleman, whose voice i recognized from my first call. He shook my hand and right then and there began a friendship that would make a big difference in my life.

Dr. Bernel Sanders was a hypnotherapist with a vision. He helped me believe in myself. We talked for about an hour, focusing on me and my needs. I wasn't even sure of my needs but with a no-nonsense approach to life and living, he helped me sort it out. He had a way about him that reminded me of no other family member, yet he had fatherly wit that anticipated my needs. He seemed to care, genuinely care about me. It took several appointments for me to realize that this man was the real deal. There was nothing fake about him. He told it like it was. He called fat 'fat.' He encouraged me to do my best for ME, not for anyone else. I grew to love him and trust his judgement. He was a purist in that his advise and guidance was solid, no frills, no fluff. He hated when i was late for my appointment and it only took two times for me to get that. He let me know in no uncertain terms, that his time was valuable. He was right. We had so much work to do and every minute was precious. He taught me to always be 15 minutes early for any appointment. I hold that teaching to this day. One Saturday, he invited me to accompany him to a meeting at Pendleton Memorial Methodist Hospital. That meeting changed my life too. He was a founding member of the (then) New Orleans Hypnotherapy Group, now Louisiana Hypnotherapy Organization. He was president and I was the organization's secretary for many years. The Group grew under his leadership and began having annual conferences. One May, during the LHO meeting, for his birthday, I gave him a journal. Doc met so many people and helped them, that I encouraged him to write down his memoirs - places he's been, folks he has helped (anonymously, of course) and experiences he's gone through. I hope he did because shortly after that, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans and he and his family moved to Atlanta. We stayed in touch by telephone. He was never one to use email but he would occasionally fax me. He may never know how much i missed his counsel, but he showed me where he was helping other people in Atlanta through the Red Cross. Doc was born on May 5th - Cinco de Mayo. He died on October 2, 2011. His wife informed me that he always spoke very highly of me. It took 2 days for the reality of his death to sink in and I cried like I had lost my best friend. That's exactly what it feels like. He asked me, many years ago, to have a certain song play during his services entitled A Long Way From Home by Joe Sample. That recording was played at the October meeting of LHO in his honor. I didn't tell Doc that i was working on my PhD with a major in clinical hypnotherapy. My plan was to surprise him with the news when I graduated. He couldn't wait but I felt his Spirit with me as I accepted my diploma one week after his death. I honor his life by being the best I can be and always striving for excellence in all my endeavors. Thanks, Doc.

(3). TREATING ADDICTION THROUGH HYPNOTHERAPY: AN ARTICLE ON THE THERAPY OF DR. BERNEL SANDERS OF NEW ORLEANS" BY CHRISTIAN ALLMAN (Article written prior to Katrina (2005)

By most standards of measure, Dr. Bernel Sanders has had a rich and varied career and a pronounced commitment to academic pursuits. Over the past 30 years, he's worked as a CEO for an HMO and a ship chandlers company, an executive administrator for the Orleans Levee Board, insurance broker/agent, superintendent for a construction company and deputy director of HANO. But Sanders, who now operates a counseling clinic, Cognitions, LLC, has spent the better part of his adult life working to build what could be called a holistic approach to mental healing. While he's had significant success in government and private business-and some rather public setbacks-his academic portfolio reveals someone Who is determined to understand the human psyche.

Starting with a B,A. in psychology and sociology from Dillard in 1962, Sanders has earned no less than six other degrees and professional certifications since then, including a master's in counseling and guidance from Loyola, a master's in public health administration from Tulane, an associate's degree in substance abuse counseling from SUNO and a doctorate in clinical hypnotherapy at the American Institute of Hypnotherapy at Irvine, CA. He's also been certified in hypnotic anesthesiology and, as of this writing, is in the process or earning an advanced degree in forensic hypnotherapy.

For Sanders, his personal and professional life seems to have pointed him on his current path helping addicts achieve a cure. But as an African-American therapist whose clientele, he says, is about 70 percent white, Sanders' observations about addiction are a radical, a sorely need, departure from the from the traditional12-step program that the therapeutic 12-step program community seems to hold sacrosanct.

The only problem, Sanders believes, is the 12-step programs aren’t working. And they’re especially inappropriate for African Americans.

"I’m a Black therapist whose clientele is mainly white." Sanders says, "And I know the socialization for whites and African Americans is very different. Whites are more receptive to the idea of working out their personal problems in a group therapy situation. Blacks - and particularly Black males - are socialized differently.

As a people, African Americans have long understood that their role in this society is far different from whites. We've had to fend for ourselves, to train ourselves to work out our own problems. And then there's the stigma attached to group therapy. It's not unfair for someone to ask themselves, ‘Look, maybe I used to drink too much, and so on, but I don't now, so I'm supposed to stand up before a group for the rest of my life and say I'm an alcoholic?' It doesn't make any sense."

Taking Personal Responsibility for Addition: Sanders also disagrees with the 12-step process on another level, particularly regarding the role of God in a person's addiction. Hypothetically he asks, "If you give yourself to God to overcome your addiction, where's your personal responsibility? And where does the 12-step process really deal with the problem itself? I think it's clear that addiction is always a symptom. Until you get at what drives you to drink, you're not going to solve your addiction problem." Sanders thinks he has the solution - and the beginning of the solution is as simple, he thinks, as looking in the mirror. That's why he's especially excited about a propose grant program he is writing for a pilot substance abuse program. As a hypnotherapist, Sanders says, "My job is to take you where you need to go - the goal is to help you learn your capacity for self-sufficiency. That’s why I think hypnotherapy can be so effective against addiction. Basically, all hypnosis is self-hypnosis. What a hypnotherapist does is help you develop those triggers that will achieve the behavior you want."

Sanders' grant proposal would focus on a hypnosis counseling program using a control group of 200 African Americans over a period of two years. Initially, Sanders would schedule a total of 10 sessions for each participant, many of whom are on probation or parole from the local criminal justice system and for whom substance abuse has been a prominent factor in their troubles with the law. As it stands, Sanders says, the current system using "talk therapy" has about a I 5 percent success rate. On the other hand, he claims a success rate of 85 percent using hypnosis as the primary therapeutic tool. He achieves similar results counseling patients with smoking, weight and gambling problems. Why does he think his program works? Part of the answer, he says, lies in creating positive, achievable therapeutic goals in partnership with the client. "My philosophy is, I want you to stop. We know from the beginning of our sessions," he points out, "that it's very hard for people to change their lifestyle What I do is help you establish what it is that drives you to addiction and learn how to eventually guide yourself through the process of inner associations that will strengthen your own resolve." For African Americans, Sanders thinks, the process is ultimately more effective because it addresses a critical need to resolve a problem in their own way, utilizing personal reserves to attain self-sufficiency-a state which, after all, is very familiar and comfortable. Sanders goal, in the case of of addicts, is simply to apply a very real socialization pattern in a positive context.

Sanders laughs at the memory of one child who asked him what kind of doctor he was. "I told him the story of Humpty Dumpty." he smiles. "And then I said, ‘Well, I’m the kind of doctor who helps put Humpty-Dumpty together again.’ But the reality is, I help people to learn how to put themselves back together again."

(4). COMMENT ON WILLIAM KROGER’S CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL HYPNOSIS BY BERNEL SANDERS

HYPNOSIS IN MEDICINE: HYPNOSIS IN INTERNAL MEDICINE: Suggestion (in its most potent form-hypnosis) establishes the capacity for conditioning and formation of habit patterns that exceeds those that are developed at ordinary levels. It is the self sustaining feature of hypnotic conditioning that reverses faulty thinking process and in behavior patterns responsible for maintenance of stress associated with a wide variety of psychosomatic disorders.

Just last week a broad certified cardiovascular surgeon came to me to reduce his fears regarding surgery. This same surgeon had a client that could not burp and it was causing her pain. He called me to the hospital and asked me to assist her.

Going into the induction after the pre talk, when I directed her (she was a direct) to inhale deeply and exhale slowly five times, she began to burp at the third deep breath. I should add, I had worked with the patient prior to the surgery and she has confidence in me. Or, it could have been coincidental but I'11 take it.

Psychosomatic Cardiovascular Disorder

Arrhythmia

Effect Syndrome

Palpitation

Coronary Disease

Post Myocardial Infraction Syndrome

Congestive Heart Failure

Psychosomatic Gastrointestinal Disorder

Peptic Ulcers

Colitis

Ulcerative Colitis

Constipation Biliary Dyskinesia

HYPNOSIS IN SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA: Hypnosis today has been accepted as a valuable therapeutic adjunct to potentiate chemo-anesthesia, The most significant developments in this area include the use of autohypnosis, suggestions to improve the postoperative period, glove "anesthesia." and autogenic training.

Schultz developed a rehearsal or "dry run" of the intended surgery. This type of conditioning protects the patient against surprise, fear, and apprehension: the pain threshold`is automatically raised by "blocking" the neurophysiologic paths that transmit the painful afferent impulses. No doubt a similar mechanism explains the marked difference in pain perception between most primiparas and multiparas; if one knows what to expect, the fear of the unknown is removed, and painful impulses are to some degree decreased in intensity.

Hypnoanesthesia has been used successfully for many other major and minor surgical procedures. Despite its effectiveness in major surgery, hypnosis will never be a substitute for chemoanesthesia, since it can be utilized in less than 10 percent of the cases, and these must be very carefully selected. This figure may be a little high for major surgical procedures, such as laparotomies and amputations, but it is a conservative estimate if minor surgical procedures are included. Systematic self-relaxation and self-suggestion to mitigate the discomfort following open heart surgery has been described. However, it has been demonstrated that encouragement and reassurance without hypnosis reduced postoperative pain.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Since the use of hypnosis allays fear and tension, induction of inhalation anesthesia is facilitated, anoxemia is reduced, and , because of the profound relaxation, less analgesia and anesthesia are required. Postoperatively, hypnosis is of inestimable value when it is used in suitable patients. For instance, when surgical patients wake up, they usually are afraid to cough because of excessive pain, especially those having upper abdominal operations. In good subjects, trained to enter quickly into hypnosis, fear, and often pain, may be eradicated in a matter of seconds by post-hypnotic suggestion. Through specific post-hypnotic suggestions also, the breathing and the cough reflex can be regulated readily. Because of the extreme relaxation, hypnosis also facilitates aspiration through the tracheobronchial passages; this prevents pneumonitis and atelectasis. The chief disadvantage of hypnosis is its unpredictability and its effectiveness; not every patient responds as expected.

HYPNOSIS IN OBSTETRICS: The use of hypnosis is not new. It has been around for more than a century. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in hypnoanesthesia. It should be stressed it will never be a panacea, nor will it ever supplant chemoanesthesia in parturition according to Dr. Kroger. Unfortunately, hypnoanesthesia per se is effective in less than 2% of selected patients. When hypnosis potentiates chemoanesthesia, the combined method is better then either method alone.

Most of the now popular methods including the Lamare method are all based on similar principles directed toward reducing anxiety by counter conditioning it with relaxation. In addition, these methods include a form of systematic desensitization to mitigate the few of childbirth. Other reasons are fear of pain in general, fear of death while unconscious, fear of losing control of themselves, and injuring the baby, fear of what might be said when they lose consciousness, curiosity as to the birth process, It has been contented that an emotionally mature attitude toward pregnancy is generally dependent on healthy psychosexual development.

The chief advantages of hypnosis care to name a few:

1. Reduction or eradication of fear, tension, and pain before and during labor with a consequent rise in the pain threshold, and;

2. Reduction of chemoanalgesia and anesthesia or their complete elimination in good hypnotic subjects.

Two of the disadvantages are:

1. Despite the high percentages of people susceptible to some type of hypnosis, maximal relief of pain and discomfort can be achieved in only one out of four patients. This limits the applications of

hypnosis as the sole anesthetic.

2. Hypnotic induction can be effected easily by psychological factors: well prepared hypnotic subjects often "go to pieces" when exposed to other screaming women in various stages of labor and often good subjects are "talked out of it" by apparently well meaning friends and neighbors.

HYPNOSIS IN GYNECOLOGY. The female generative tract is extremely susceptible to the physiologic expression of emotions. Therefore, a high percentage of gynecologic symptoms have a psychosomatic or a psychogynecic symptoms by altering faulty attitudes concerning femininity and sexuality.

The gynecologist, if trained in hypnosis, can use this modality much as he employs drugs for symptom removal. Symptom removal by hypnotherapy is not harmful, contrary to the belief of some psychiatrists. To assume otherwise is rather ridiculous when one considers that the bulk of gynecologic therapy for functional disorders is directed toward symptom removal. This goal readily can be achieved without an understanding of "psychodynamics." Modern hypnotic technics employ autohypnosis together with rapport, are utilized for most patients in preference to direct symptom removal by authoritarian hypnotic technics. Hypnosis in gynecology is useful in the following areas:

Amenorrhea

Pseudocyesis

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Functional Dysmenorrhea

Infertility Frigidity

Vaginismus

Dyspareunia

Low Back Pain

Pelvic Pain

Premenstrual Tension

Menopause

Please permit me to site a personal event that happened: There is a young married couple that lives in my neighborhood, they are in their late twenties or early thirties. In conversation, she found, I was a clinical hypnotherapist. She told me how she had cramps so bad during her "period',' that usually lasted 5 to 6 days. I asked if she had seen a physician, she said she had and gave me his name. He is one of the most respected gynecologist in New Orleans. Her husband had said, he didn't believe in hypnosis. So, I knew there was no chance to get her in my office for treatment. I began by letting her think I was explaining what would happen in a session and went into a brief induction without asking her to close her eyes. After this I gave her some suggestion to remove the discomfort and enable her to work during this time. Then I counted her back in. Never expecting her to come to the office and knowing she would never say her husband would object. I asked her a month later why she didn't call for an appointment. Her reply was, "for the last two months I only had bad cramps one day and it was bearable. This is the first time since I started to have periods that I could function during that time". I was almost tempted to send her a bill but she is an attorney and could not understand.

HYPNOSIS IN DERMATOLOGY: The effectiveness of hypnotherapy for alopecia areata, dermatitis, eczenama, hyperhidrosis, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, pruritus, lichen planus, herpes simplex, pemphigus, verrucae, and other dermatologic disorders and the psychosomatic etiology for many of these disorders is well established. The well know phenomena of goose pimples, sweating, blanching, and temperature changes in the skin following psychological stimuli constitute further evidence. The skin mirror's the inner self. It is richly endowed with emotional symbolism. Such expression "thick skinned" and "sensitive" respectfully. Direct hypnotic suggestion has produced erythema, blisters, wheals, urticaria, termifaction, congestion, hemorrhage, and various sensory effects ranging from anesthesia to hyperesthesia, cold to hot, and itching to pain. According to the author these are studies which indicate that harmful reactions in the skin can be blocked by hypnosis.

Answer: Hypnotherapy is employed in many physical rehabilitation programs including but not limited to the following:

Poliomyslitis

Parkinsoniam

Multiple Sclerosis

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebrovascular Hemiplegia

Epilepsy

Paraplegic due to Hysterical Conversion

Gilles De La Tourette's Disease

Phantom Limb Pain

Cerebrovascular or Traumatic Brain Damage

Rehabilitation of the neurologically damaged individual is primarily a relearning process. Such patients may have intellectual and emotional difficulties and are easily distracted and fatigued. A pervading depression, aggravated by a low frustration tolerance and poor motivation, frequently precludes assistance from any type of physical rehabilitation regimen. Musculosheletal and psychological functioning may be further affected by the metabolic and negative conditioning resulting from disuse. Passive and active resistive exercises to improve the motor power may be accelerated and enhanced by the use of hypnosis, especially if directed toward more optimistic attitudes toward the self and the physical impairment. A greater attention span results from narrowing of the perceptual fields during hypnosis. In this respect, music that is hypnotic in type limits and controls sensory input and often improves muscular control.

Unfortunately, psychotherapy is seldom employed in the patient with central nervous system involvement with enough vigor and thoroughness. If permissive technics oriented around the needs of the patient are used, critical attitudes are seldom mobilized. With sensory-imagery conditioning during autohypnosis, greater psychophysiologic responses are obtained. The reflexes achieved by learning and the conditioning technics are not as readily extinguished as those induced at non-hypnotic levels. Hypnosis facilitates considerable associative learning and increases the capacity for stimulus transference. This may account for the increased effectiveness of neuromuscular reeducation under hypnosis. Hypnosis is only a medium through which a wide variety of other therapeutic and pharmacologic procedures may be potentiated. Objective 6.14 List the indication and describe the clinical applications in Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Rhinology. Answer

OPHTHALMOLOGY: Reduction in blood flow in vascular anastamosis and engorgement of the vessels of the sclera has been noted. It was speculated that hypnosis might produce relaxation of the cornea so as to allow it to assume a more rounded shape, thus reducing astigmatism. A case was reported in which an 8-year girl was able to control voluntarily her pupillary response through hypnosis. Other investigators used oculograms to detect presence of optokinetic nystagmus (rhythmical oscillations of the eyes with a slow and fast component) in subjects hypnotically hallucinating a visual situation. An objective criterion by electrooculograms is thus provided for presence of visual hallucinations. Optokinetic nystgamus, undoubtedly organically based, was abolished by utilizing a negative hallucination for the normal appearance of the room. Surgery of the eye under hypnosis is still practiced in India for cataract removal according to Dr. Kroger.

OTOLOGY The auditory pathways are one of the most delicate and reactive mechanisms of the body. Since these are directly associated with the nervous system, their responses are in direct proportion to the sufferer's anxiety state. The emotional factors associated with tinnitus or Meniere's disease have been attributed to fear of the attacks of vertigo and nausea, fear of deafness, and excessive preoccupation over the symptom. Emotional upsets have also been implicated in the production of the vasomotor changes in the labyrinth or its connections; spasm and hemorrhage of the blood vessels occur (labyrinthine angiospasm). Edema of the labyrinth has been found with advanced involvement. Reflex irritation of the geniculate ganglion of the tympanic plexus is increased by grinding of the teeth and tension upon the jaws in association with suppressed rage.

Direct post-hypnotic suggestions can be for hysterical tinnitus. Tinnitus varies from person to person and even varies in intensity in the same person from time to time.

RHINOLOGY (Epistaxis) Hypnosis has been used to control severe epistaxis. There are innumerable reports from dentists who contend that bleeding can be stopped and started by hypnotic suggestion. The author believes that more accurately controlled data are needed before the conclusion is reached that bleeding can be stopped so readily by hypnosis. In August of 1996, I had five teeth extracted at Louisiana State University Dental School, here in New Orleans. The instructors were concerned about excessive bleeding. I explained to the Dentist that he should not be concerned as I would do self hypnosis and would not bleed excessively.

Bleeding stopped by the time I reached the parking lot at the school.

HYPNOTHERAPY FOR GENTIO-URINARY CONDITIONS. Selective cases of postoperative retention of urine, premature ejaculation, impotency in the male, dysuria, ureteral spasm, and chronic bladder irritation respond to hypnotherapy. Pseudo-orientation in time can help emotional repercussions that might be expected with male or female sterilization. Hypnorelaxation indirectly may have an important bearing on female infertility, as the fertilizing capacity of the sperm is possibly affected by stress factors.

POSTOPERATIVE URINARY RETENTION (Treatment) Postoperative urinary retention, after pelvic or perineal surgery. often is completely relieved by post-hypnotic suggestions. An authoritarian hypnotic approach, such as

"You will void in exactly 20 minutes, " is seldom successful. Permissive technics together with sensory imagery conditioning are more successful. Under hypnosis it is suggested, Perhaps you may be able to remember in detail what it felt like the last time you urinated. Try to imagine the sensations you experienced the last time you emptied your bladder." When able to do this, the patient is asked to describe the subjective sensations associated with the act of micturition. These are fed back immediately or during subsequent sessions. No time limit for carrying out the act is mentioned. After the patient is trained in autohypnosis, he is told, "If you imagine yourself urinating again and again, then you will have no trouble starting the stream. Try not to urinate until you have reexperienced urinating in your mind first," Asking the patient to carry or not to carry out the act places him in a position in which he cannot refuse or resist the operator's suggestions. Whether or not he urinates, he is being controlled without realizing it. Since the patient does not set the terms, there is no way for him to mobilize further fears that he will not urinate. As the result of the repeated rehearsals of "urinating" under autohypnosis, confidence replaces his irrational fears. Invariably these patients will urinate within several hours, especially if deeply hypnotized and taught autohypndsis during the initial sessions.

Hemodialysis

Chronic Bladder Irritability

"Pee-Shy" Problem

Premature Ejaculation

Impotence

Cystoscopy and Surgical Procedures

Vasectomy

Male Infertility and

Female Infertility

BENEFITS OF HYPNOTIC CONDITIONING FOR A PATIENT WHO HAS BEEN DIAGNOSED AS BEING ONCOLOGIC: The effect of cancer, emotions, and mental illness have been recently studied by Surowug and his co-workers. They analyzed the relationship between psychological factors and cancer, assaying the role of personality patterns and stress on development, site, and course Of cancer.

There are several reports indicating that hypnosis diminishes the need for narcotic drugs, lessens the ill effects of x-rays, and reduces discomfort following radiation therapy. Together with empathy and positive reinforcing suggestions, it decreases the patient's shock upon learning that he has cancer. Improved mental attitudes, motivation, and relaxation in cancer patients have been attributed to hypnosis. Successful management of pain and suffering often depends more on the rapport and reduction of anxiety than on the hypnotic depth; These factors raise the pain threshold. Other investigators have described effective use of hypnosis in relieving cancer pain. La Baw advises hypnosis in lieu of hospitalization for the terminal cancer patient. He and his associates have also obtained good results using self-hypnosis in children with cancer.

The author has used hypnosis as an adjunct for the management of intractable pain in germinal cancer patients. Many were considering lobotomy, posterior rhizotomy, alcohol block, dorsal column stimulation, or chordotomy for pain relief. All were on high doses of opiates. After these patients learned how to induce glove anesthesia under autohypnosis, the dosage of narcotics was drastically decreased in over 60 per cent of them.

Hypnosis apparently blocks the perception of pain--it is a sort of "psychological" lobotomy. When it is used individually for direct symptom relief, the procedure is tedious and the results are often disappointing. One investigator has had only indifferent success with direct hypnosis. Group hypnosis (1 hour per week) is preferable, as faith, hope and confidence are mobilized more readily; susceptibility to post-hypnotic suggestions is increased when the readiness to respond to painful stimuli is minimized by misdirection of attention.

HYPNOSIS FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS: Hypnotherapy is an effective and flexible tool for selective cases of enuresis, nail-bitting, stammering, asthma, epilepsy, ties, and behavior problems associated with chronic tensions, stress, and environmental difficulties. Hypnotherapy is also useful for attacking the psychogenic components of minimal brain damage, mental retardation, neuromuscular involvements, and chronic debilitating ailments requiring prolonged bed rest. Hypnosis can help those with learning problems and, according to Laquarte, can aid in correcting vocal difficulties. Hypnoanesthesia also can be used for children as well as for adults to minimize fear reactions prior to surgery.

Children over 5 years of age have the necessary verbal understanding to be hypnotized. Their blind trust and vivid imaginations make them very susceptible to suggestions. Children have a short attention span, and the best induction procedures are those which continually involve them in fantasy experiences.

Dentists who hypnotize children draw "Mickey Mouse" on their thumbnails and maintain interest by relating a series of humorous incidents built around him. Games appeal to children, and they are easily shifted from reality to unreality by such measures, often being dissociated without their knowledge. Thus fear reactions are minimal because criticalness is reduced.

Because of children's autistic tendencies, a light to medium stage is usually sufficient for hypnotherapy. Picture or scene visualization is employed to enable the child to "see" himself as a character on an imaginary television screen--this reinforces the artificial dissociation. Further imagery manipulation is oriented around the child's rapidly developing emotional responses by utilizing his greater flexibility, overtness and curiosity, his intense desire to learn, and his eagerness to participate.

HYPNOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES USES FOR BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION IN THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AND NARCOTIC ADDICTION: Writer's note: While I am not the authority as Dr. Kroger I shall answer the question according to the text. However, the question refers to addiction. From my training and experiences, alcohol abuse, crack and cocaine abuse are habits not addictions. Also, I would never use the methods used under the heading called, "Aversion Treatment." Again, I certainly don't have credentials to refute Dr. Kroger, but my experiences as a substance abuse counselor and as a clinical hypnotherapist says different. In class, in Atlanta, Georgia, our Dr. Abe Krasner, asked the class (and we discussed at length) if the use of alcohol, crack, or cocaine were addictions? Krasner said Krasner said it is a habit. Sanders says it is a habit.

ALCOHOLISM Chronic acoholism is a symptom of a deep-seated personality disorder usually selected to avoid intolerable life situations. There is no typical personality profile, but hostility, insecurity, and feelings of inadequacy are usually present. Alcoholics have a low frustration tolerance, increased sensitivity, and feelings of omnipotence characterized by the belief that "nothing can happen to me." Outwardly they present a diffident appearance, which is usually a facade for their deep-seated dependency needs.

Some have little or no concern about the trouble caused by the habit. For instance, a binge, with its days of misery and sickness, often results in a lost job, a ruined career, and a broken marriage. The alcoholic is an "injustice collector" for whom the overt self-punishment fulfills a pleasurable need, as well as a rationalization for the inability to face reality. Seldom is he aware of his masochistic needs to suffer.

Such individuals do not have the courage to commit suicide and are, in reality, slowly destroying themselves by the noxious habit. To allay their tensions they retreat to a childlike behavior pattern, with a need for attention, pity, and love. By becoming inebriated, the alcoholic develops a greater capacity to give and receive attention from others. This temporarily increases his self-esteem and well-being.

Many alcoholics have never emerged from adolescence--the undifferentiated period of their psychosexual development which is characterized by homosexual tendencies. The esprit de corps noted among gregarious drinkers at any bar illustrates the desire to be a "part of the gang" spirit. The homosexual manifestations are seldom overt, but merely represent a strong identification with an individual of the same sex. The alcoholism serves the purpose of fending off unrecognized homosexual drivers (panic). Often, however, the drunkenness removes the inhibitions and allows these tendencies to emerge.

In the typical history of the alcoholic there is a compulsive pattern represented by repeated incidents involving self-debasement, various types of sexual involvements, and defiance of authoritarian and other surrogate figures. When the demands for sympathy and attention are not met, more frequent "binges" are usually necessary to provide a respite from the mounting tensions. Exhortations aimed either at shaming the individual intl sobriety or pointing out the harmful medical sequelae are useless. Since the alcoholic seldom realizes the needs for his habit, he cannot control his drinking. Successful therapy requires that these needs must become self-evident to him. Intellectualizing or moralizing on the dire mental and physical dangers is utterly futile in the chronic alcoholic.

TREATMENT The purpose of therapy is first to motivate the individual to stop drinking and then to teach him how to adapt to his difficult problems, rather than using regressive behavior patterns at the first sign of stress. Here a sympathetic, noncondemnatory attitude will make the patient feel that he is being treated like an adult, and this helps to establish healthy-motivation. Chronic drinkers are seldom motivated if their immaturity and strong dependency preclude admitting that they have a drinking problem. Since most alcoholics are generally passive and dependent, the hypnotic relationship initially helps the patient in therapy at a time when he is most resistant. Later this dependency is dissolved, and the needs for it and other reasons are worked through. Because of greater rapport with the therapist, the patient now is willing to trade his self-:destructive tendencies and immature attitudes for healthier goals.

NARCOTIC ADDICTION: Drug addiction involves many of the psychological factors that account for chronic alcoholism and obesity. In general, there are three types. In the first, the addict attempts to meet stressful situations with more equanimity through the use of drugs. In the second, individuals use drugs to give them a "lift." Tn the third, the addict requires drugs to help to overcome depressive reactions due to characterologic disorders.

Regardless of the method of addiction, drugs are utilized to provide approval from others, security, and seld-esteem. Initially, though physiologic gratification is all important, emotional satisfaction plays an even larger role. Eventually physical cravings create a fear in the addict that he needs his drug in order to survive. Addicts are usually unable to cope with or adjust to the demands of society. Many feel inadequate and inferior even though they present a facade of arrogance and confidence. They also manifest strong dependency strivings and succumb to peer pressures. Van Nuys posits a relationship between drug use and hypnotizability. However, this is not a causal one. Rather, as Josephine Kilgard has theorized, there may be a connection between hypnotizability and those she classifies as "mental space travelers"--those who seek excitement through adventures of the mind.

Therapy should be directed toward restoration of self confidence, elimination of despondency, induction of well-being, and, in all instances, rehabilitation to prevent recidivism. Most methods of psychiatric rehabilitation yield poor results, since addicts generally return to their old environment.